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Some chemicals are composed of chemical elements whose nuclei are unstable, due to the instability of these substances atoms emit subatomic particles intermittently and randomly. Overall
are radioactive substances that have an excess of protons or neutron . When the number of neutrons is not equal to the number of protons is more difficult than the strong nuclear force due to the effect of exchange pions can keep them together. Eventually, the imbalance is corrected by release of excess neutrons or protons, in the form of α particles that are truly core helium , beta particles can be electrons or positrons . These emissions lead to two types of radioactivity:
α radiation, which relieves the atomic nuclei in 4 mass units, and changes the atomic number by two units.
ß radiation, which does not change the mass of the nucleus, as it involves the conversion of a proton into a neutron or vice versa, and changes the atomic number in a single unit (positive or negative, depending on the emitted particle is an electron or a positron).
There is also a third type of radiation they emit photons simply high frequency, called γ radiation. In this type of establishment, what happens is that the nucleus moves from a higher energy excited state to a lower energy, which can still be unstable and lead to more radiation emission of type α, β and γ. Γ radiation is a type of electromagnetic radiation very penetrating because photons have no electrical charge.