Balmori.Efectos of electromagnetic radiation of mobile phones on insects. effects of electromagnetic radiation of mobile phones on insects
Alfonso Balmori
Ministry of Environment. Junta de Castilla y León.
A review of laboratory studies exposing insects to electromagnetic radiation in the microwave range, similar to those used for telephone systems currently in use, and low frequency electromagnetic fields. The modulated pulsed microwaves and telephones are a recent ubiquitous contaminant, whose consequences have not yet been adequately evaluated. Studies show effects on this group of fauna, with predictable consequences on ecosystems. It is recommended to conduct monitoring and studies in the vicinity of radio base stations, where there are higher levels of electromagnetic pollution and presents some technical capabilities that can help identify the areas most affected by radiation. Introduction
Insects are important components of ecosystems, not only for its ubiquity and the large number of species, but also as a basic link in the food chain, to fall prey to many of the vertebrates, which use temporary isolation or to meet their protein needs. Any factor that affects its abundance may have an impact on the community of vertebrates and the whole ecosystem. Moreover, considering that basic cellular processes are similar in mammals and insects, and insects are generally more resistant than the first (at least compared to ionizing radiation), the effects observed in this group may be indicative of the response of other group of organisms.
electromagnetic fields, particularly electromagnetic radiation in the range of radio frequencies and microwaves, have been associated with different biological effects. It has been documented to have effects on biomolecules (Daniells et al., 1998, Weisbrot et al., 2003; barteri et al., 2005), cell proliferation (Velizarov et al., 1999), interference with immune processes ( Novoselova and Fesenko, 1998), effects on reproductive capacity (Dasdag et al., 1999; Davoudi et al., 2002), genotoxic effects (Garaj-Vrhovac et al., 1991, Lai and Singh, 1995; Balode, 1996; Reflex, 2004) nervous system effects (Kolodynski and Kolodynska, 1996; Beasond and Semm, 2002; Kramarenko, 2003, Marino et al., 2003; Salford et al., 2003) on the circulatory system (Szmigielski et al., 1998) a decrease in the number of births (Lean and Xenos, 1997; Balme, 2005). Given that the electromagnetic radiation in the range of radio frequencies have increased exponentially in ecosystems with the deployment of mobile phones, microwaves can be affecting creatures that live in the vicinity of the antennas, both vertebrate (Balme, 2003, 2004a, 2005), insects (Levengood, 1969, Carpenter and Livstone, 1971, Ramirez et al., 1983; Weisbrot et al., 2003, Pan and Liu, 2004; Panagopoulos et al., 2004), or vegetables (Selga and Selga, 1996; Balodis et al., 1996; Balmori, 2004b).
This paper reviews some laboratory research, which studied the effects of electromagnetic fields and microwave radiation on insects. Also collected available information on observations of insects exposed to radiation in nature.
Research with fruit flies
Panagopoulos et al. (2004) exposed fruit fly (Drosophila melanogaster) to mobile phone radiation (900 MHz) for the first 2-5 days adulthood. The reproductive capacity of the species declined by 50-60% in conditions of modulated radiation (emission that occurs while talking on the phone) and 15-20% with unmodulated radiation (emission with the phone on silent). The decrease in reproductive capacity occurred in both sexes, although affected more females than males. The results of this study indicate that this radiation affects the gonadal development of insects in a athermal (no increase in temperature). The same authors studied the effects of various types of electromagnetic fields (EMF) in the offspring of the fruit fly, obtaining: a) a decrease statistically significantly, by around 6% of reproductive capacity after exposure to alternating electromagnetic fields, b) an increase in the reproductive capacity of around 40% after exposure to pulsed EMF c) a dramatic decrease in reproductive capacity, the 60% after exposure to radiation from GSM phones. The authors concluded that radio frequencies, specifically GSM, are highly bioactive, causing significant alterations in the physiological functions of living organisms, so they recommend prudent avoidance (Panagopoulos et al., 2002). They base their results in the alteration of cytoplasmic calcium concentration and an acceleration or delay of cellular processes, noting that the oogésesis and stages of spermatogenesis are very active and sensitive to external factors. The observed effects could not be attributed to an increase in temperature (Panagopoulos et al., 2002).
In another study in which fruit flies were exposed to radiation from mobile phones, indicated an increase in the levels of stress proteins (hsp70), which are usually synthesized when cells are exposed to adverse environmental conditions ('non-thermal shock'). There was also an increase in phosphorylation of nuclear transcription. Surprisingly, radiation mobile phone induced an increase of offspring, compared with the unexposed group (Weisbrot et al., 2003).
experiments studying the effects of electromagnetic radiation on living beings are complex, as there is a large number of variables to be checked, and this could explain the conflicting results. Microwave radiation seems to cause different effects, and even opposite, depending on the experimental designs such as frequency, power, modulation, pulses, exposure time etc. (Tanner and Romero-Sierra, 1982, Grigoriev, 1996, Daniells et al., 1998; Nikolaevich et al., 2001). Pulsed wave (in bursts) and as certain low-frequency modulations, have been shown to be most active from a biological standpoint (Grigoriev, 1996, Hyland, 2001; Nikolaevich et al., 2001). Furthermore the dose-response (non-thermal effects) are not easy to establish since they have a nonlinear relationship (Monteagudo, 1997; Hyland, 2001, Marino et al., 2003) and the effects may depend on the duration of exposure (Adey, 1996). The effects may be protective at first, but harmful after chronic exposure (DiCarlo et al., 1999).
In another study conducted with low-frequency electromagnetic fields, eggs and larvae of the fly flies (Drosophila melanogaster) were exposed to an alternating field of 11 millitesla with a frequency of 50 Hz for a variable time and observed the developmental changes after exposure. The results showed a significant increase in the number of adult flies with abnormalities, when exposure was performed on larvae, but not when it was over the eggs. Statistical analysis showed that after exposure to the electromagnetic frequency of abnormal flies depends on two factors: the duration of exposure and stage of development (and Azarnia Mirabolghasemi, 2002). There was no difference in mortality rates, and gender distribution of the flies abnormalities, including flies exposed and control groups. Although the observed abnormalities can occur spontaneously in nature, with the electromagnetic field increased their frequency. The authors propose that the effects are presumably caused by defects in DNA repair. It is possible that electromagnetic fields affect enzymatic reactions involved in repair functions and as a result, cause deformities (Mirabolghasemi and Azarnia, 2002). Other authors have also noted that electromagnetic radiation prevent DNA repair is successful (Heredia-Rojas et al., 2003, Hallberg and Johansson, 2004).
Stamenkovic-Radak et al. (2001) exposed fruit flies to a permanent magnetic field of 35 millitesla, noting a change in the size of the wings of flies. The authors conclude that magnetic fields are factors of stress and the changes depend on the number of generations exposed. The Importance of long-term cumulative effects has been reported by other authors (Tofani et al., 1986, Adey, 1996).
Ramirez et al. (1983) found that oviposition decreased in flies exposed to pulsed electromagnetic fields (100 Hz, 1.76 mT) and sine (50 Hz, 1 mT). Eggs exposed for 48 hours showed: 1) A higher mortality eggs. 2) The mortality of larvae and pupae increased after exposure to a permanent magnetic field. 3) A variation of the survival rate of adults, depending on exposure to pulsed magnetic fields, sinusoidal or static. From observations also found that the fruit fly has sensitivity to electromagnetic fields and actively avoid exposure to pulsed fields. Drosophila females showed a preference for a particular location, conditioned by the specific characteristics of the field. This avoidance behavior of pulsed electromagnetic radiation has been found also in rats (Frey and Feld, 1975; Firstenberg, 1997), sparrows (Balme, 2003 and 2004a) and bees (Firstenberg, 1997).
Ma and Chu (1993) after exposing Drosophila embryos, in the early stages of development at a low frequency field, with a range of magnetic field strengths between 50-400 mG DC or AC, for 1 and 6 hours, observed a general trend in the embryo lethal effect. The authors conclude that electromagnetic fields seem to affect the development and survival of the embryos of fruit flies.
Experiments with other Diptera
Pan and Liu (2004) exposed eggs of the mosquito Anopheles gambiae to magnetic fields high (9-14 T), in sensitive periods of fetal development. The average hatching time was delayed, which increased non-linearly with increasing magnetic field which was applied to the eggs.
Koschnitzke et al. (1983) after exposing giant chromosomes Acricotopus lucidus (Chironomidae, Diptera) to a microwave radiation of various frequencies with a power density of less than 6 mW/cm2 observed alterations in chromosome structure. These authors suggest that the coherence of the radiation (coherent electric vibrations in biological systems) is essential in order to produce the observed effects and ruled that the effects may be thermal.
Studies and Observations in bees
Ferdinand Ruzicka is a researcher at the University of Doz (Austria) and amateur beekeeper, that explains how the problems of their bees began after the installation of several phone masts near their hives ( 50 meters from a base station and 150 meters three more). He noted symptoms of stress and the collapse of bee colonies when it began broadcasting antennas. The same was observed by other beekeepers (F. Ruzicka, com. Comm.). At first there was a big mess and a high instinct to swarm. In summer there was an unusual decline in bee populations, while in winter came to fly despite the cold and snow (and despite the pollen collected in autumn was more than enough for the winter), with the loss of individuals (www.mikrowellensmog.info / bienen.html). Dr. Ruzicka, a connoisseur of bee diseases, finds no explanation for this behavior either by disease or poisoning, and guilt of it to radiation from antennas. For this reason a survey among Austrian beekeepers. Of 25 beekeepers who had phone masts near their hives, 37.5% reported a high aggressiveness, 25% a great tendency to form swarms, and 62.5% disappearance of colonies (Ruzicka, 2003).
Firstenberg (1997) also cites the disappearance of bees in proximity to phone masts. In an area of \u200b\u200bNew Zealand bees disappeared after several radio antennas installed observed after only a few swarms 'angry'. A beekeeper who received directly the beam of radiation in their hives found that bees were dying in your post for no apparent reason (P. Hargreaves pers. comm.). http://canterbury.cyberplace.org.nz/ouruhia/. Other authors have demonstrated the agitation and restlessness and aggressive behavior that show bees exposed to electromagnetic fields from power lines (Ramirez et al., 1983).
Various media have published news about the crisis of beekeeping, produced, among other reasons, bee mortalities and depopulation of hives of unknown origin that has recently suffered from this sector. Given the known effects of microwaves on insects and bees in particular, given the proliferation of base stations in the field is necessary to investigate whether phone radiation are affecting in any way in these mortalities. The results should be considered by the English beekeepers to prevent economic losses.
By contrast, in two studies funded by NASA, the authors found no differences in mortality or in the consumption of sugars (Westerdahl and Gary, 1981a) or changes in flight orientation or memory (Westerdahl and Gary, 1981b) in bees that were irradiated with microwaves.
Kirschvink et al. (1997) studied the thresholds of perception of bees compared to low frequency magnetic fields. The results indicate a high sensitivity, which decreased rapidly with increasing frequency (perceived best low frequencies of 10 Hz). Bees use the magnetite crystals as magnetoreceptor. Jungreis (1987) investigated the ability of insects to travel long distances seasonally, requiring the use of some hereditary mechanisms to find the right direction. Magnetite particles were found biologically synthesized both migratory species that use it as a compass in the earth's magnetic field, as non-migrant species for which are yet unknown function.
Research with
beetles beetle Tenebrio molitor pupae were irradiated with 4 to 5.95 GHz microwave frequency and power from 37.8 to 152.6 J / g for a variable time between 5 minutes and 6 hours. For the author, the anomalies observed teratogenic (abnormalities and holes in the elytra) were not caused by heat gain. The electromagnetic field strength required to produce teratogenesis was higher with lower microwave frequencies. The results suggest that microwave photons produced cumulative effects (Olsen, 1977).
Livstone Carpenter (1971) irradiated pupae of the beetle Tenebrio molitor microwave frequency of 10 GHz to 80 mW for 20-30 minutes and 20 mW for 120 minutes and got a lift in the proportion of abnormal or dead insects. In addition, irradiated insects had lower longevity. The authors concluded that abnormalities induced by microwave radiation is not thermal, suggesting that the successful development and metamorphosis depends on delicate balances and interactions involving many enzymes and hormones, which could be the targets which affect the microwave.
Another study presented the cerambycid Morimus funereus to an electromagnetic field with a frequency of 50 Hz and 2 mT magnetic field strength, noting changes in patterns of activity in both sexes. After exposure, the activity increased in the groups with medium and low motor activity, but decreased for very active individuals. However, there was a high variability between individuals (Prolic et al., 2003).
phone radiations in nature
Since the second half of the 90's past century has made the deployment of the network of radio base stations, which has increased by several orders of magnitude microwave electromagnetic pollution, especially in cities, but also in the countryside near the rural communities and the built environment . The electric field strength at a particular point in the vicinity of an antenna varies continuously between certain levels, depending on the number of communications that supports the base station (number of phones connected at all times) (Fig. 1 and Fig 3). There are continuous changes in the intensity and frequency GSM signals makes them more bioactive fields with parameters constant, possibly because it is very difficult for organisms to adapt to them, which can make life difficult in the immediate vicinity (Panagopoulos et al, 2004).
Figure 1. Close up of mobile phone base station (Source: César Balmori).
A growing body of evidence of people and anecdotal observations indicate that the flies and spiders, among other insects away from areas of influence of phone masts, which receives the highest levels of radiation (A . Soria, pers. com. and our own observations). Know if an abandonment of the area or the death of species living in the area, but the trend towards avoidance of pulsed microwaves by animals is known since ancient times (Frey and Feld, 1975). We do not know if the reason is the deterioration of the quality of suitable habitat or lack of food resources (Balme, 2003, 2004a, 2004b).
Some technical issues. Electric field strength and exhibition area
The variables used to measure this radiation is the power density (measured in watts per square meter, W/m2, or μW/cm2), which expresses the radiant power incident perpendicular to a surface, divided by the surface area. Electric Field Intensity at a point (measured in volts per meter: V / m), which is a vector quantity proportional to the force exerted on a charged particle, depending on its position in space.
For a particular direction with respect to the antenna, the power density at a point varies inversely as the square of the distance to the source. The area of \u200b\u200bgreatest electric field strength is determined by the height and steepness of the antenna (Fig. 2 and Fig 3).
ImageFigura 2. The distance (E) of the main surface of incidence of the lobe on the ground is obtained by the formula: E = tan (90-a) x h. where a is the angle of inclination of the issuance of the horizontal antenna and h is the height at which it is installed. (Adapted from Eger et al., 2004).
At a distance of 50 meters the power density is typically about 10 μW/cm2 (Santini et al., 2000), while at distances of 100 meters at ground level can be measured even above 1 μW/cm2 (own data). Between 150 and 200 meters, the power density of the main lobe near the ground is typically a few tenths of μW/cm2 (Hyland, 2000). Above 0.0006 μW/cm2 (less than 0.1 V / m) have been found harmful effects in people exposed continuously (Oberfeld et al., 2004).
Figure 3. Variation of Electric Field Strength at ground level to move away from a phone base station on the roof of a building about 24 meters above the ground. Usually the higher incidence of radiation is produced at distances between 50 and 300 meters from the antennas. Note that changes in levels are accentuated in the vicinity of the antenna (About the author).
Moreover, the main lobe of radiation from the antenna is increasingly opening to get away from it (Table 1).
Table 1: Dimensions of the lobe or main beam emission of a base at various distances. The data shown correspond to a typical antenna with an emission angle of 65 ° to the horizontal and 9 ° in the vertical (About the author).
Concluding remarks The levels of radiation in laboratory studies are higher than can be found in nature, but most of them referred to the results meet independent effects of temperature (thermal effects). The current legislation makes reference only to the levels of exposure to avoid thermal effects, but not the time exposure, when we know that not only the electric field strength but also the dosage is important, taking into account the cumulative effects mentioned. It is expected that in areas where power density and electric field intensity is higher, within the main lobe and near the antennas, living beings will be more affected by radiation.
conclude the review made the need to reconsider and reduce exposure levels of living and conducting studies that evaluate long-term effects of pulsed microwave radiation that currently exist in our environment, and recommend prudent avoidance (Hyland, 2000; Panagopoulos et al, 2004).
NOTE: Mili Tesla: a unit of magnetic field strength. Corresponds to 0.001 N A-1 m-1 or 0.001 Weber.m-2. Thanks
Center Environmental Information and Documentation provided me with some items. AVAATE lent their support at all times.
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